Blackwell Pub.: Malden, MA, USA, 2005 pp. In The Archaeology of Mediterranean Prehistory Blake, E., Knapp, A.B., Eds. Agriculture, pastoralism, and Mediterranean landscapes in prehistory. 70 Years of land use/land cover changes in the Apennines (Italy): A Meta-Analysis. Forest dynamics and disturbance regimes in the Italian Apennines. Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2011 pp. In Biodiversity Hotspots Zachos, F.E., Habel, J.C., Eds. Global biodiversity conservation: The critical Role of hotspots. Cultural landscapes: A bridge between culture and nature? Int. The Protected Landscape Approach: Linking Nature, Culture, and Community Brown, J.Guidelines for Protected Area Management Categories IUCN/UICN: Cambridge, UK, 1994 ISBN 978-2-8317-0201-8.In World Heritage Papers UNESCO World Heritage Centre: Paris, France, 2009 Volume 26. UNESCO World Heritage Cultural Landscapes: A Handbook for Conservation and Management.Pan-Mediterranean holocene vegetation and land-cover dynamics from synthesized pollen data. Holocene drought, deforestation and evergreen vegetation development in the central Mediterranean: A 5500 year record from Lago Alimini Piccolo, Apulia, Southeast Italy. ![]() Rural landscape, nature conservation and culture: Some notes on research trends and management approaches from a (southern) European perspective. The Mediterranean Region: Biological Diversity in Space and Time, 2nd ed.Mediterranean landscape changes: Evidence from old postcards. Farmland abandonment: Threat or opportunity for biodiversity conservation? A global review. Impacts of climate change on the future of biodiversity: Biodiversity and climate change. Climate change in mediterranean mountains during the 21st century. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Synthesis Island Press: Washington, DC, USA, 2005 ISBN 978-1-59726-040-4. Has the earth’s sixth mass extinction already arrived? Nature 2011, 471, 51–57. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Thus, traditional livestock grazing can be a valuable management tool to maintain high biological and cultural diversity, even if stronger cooperation and attention to local needs is necessary. However, rural communities are experiencing difficulties in keeping local traditions alive, even with current agri-environmental schemes. Moreover, in areas that have been consistently grazed over the years, we found no forest encroachment from 1955 to 2019. Indeed, high diversity grasslands excluded from grazing were characterized by significantly less even and more dominated arthropod communities, as well as fewer plant species and families. Using field sampling, remote sensing, and semi-structured interviews, we assessed the validity of traditional cattle farming as a landscape management tool. In this study, we focus on a mountain pasture from the Southern Apennines (Italy), where free-ranging transhumant grazing is still carried out, to quantify the effects of grazing presence and exclusion on arthropod diversity, and to qualitatively characterize the plant communities of grazed and ungrazed areas. This brings, as a consequence, the loss of traditional land use practices, such as transhumant pastoralism, as well as shrub and wood encroachment, with repercussions on the biodiversity associated with semi-open, human-managed landscapes. Mediterranean mountain landscapes are undergoing a widespread phenomenon of abandonment.
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